| CLIMATE CHANGE DIRECTORY
and FOSSIL
FUEL ISSUES
Resources with editorial comments
(development initiated 05/11/12, last partial update
4/12/23)
Steve Murov, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, http://murov.info/
A directory intended to provide quick
access to links related to climate change science and
fossil fuel issues. Please recognize that this
directory does not represent an exhaustive search for
pertinent articles. A search on Google for any
of the topics will yield a list of hundreds of
additional sites. Please send suggestions for
links to:
murovs@yosemite.edu
.
|
 |
|
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/
|
A site (12/5/18) that probes
the causes and impacts of climate change is available at:
http://murov.info/climatechangeprobe.htm
Resources
(downloadable print, video, Powerpoints for a
climate change module (a few hours) with primarily free resources:
http://murov.info/climatemod.htm
posted 9/5/21, modified 11/10/21
Climate Change
CONTENTS
Is the earth warming and if so what are the
causes and consequences?
| Editorial comments in red boxes are
provided by the developer of this site to stimulate
thinking. As you read the sites below, please
consider yourself to be an unbiased juror with the task of
weighing the evidence and reaching the most reasonable and
logical conclusion. |
Report and Summaries
New Govt. Report
- U.S.
Global Change Research Program -
https://science2017.globalchange.gov/
https://www.globalchange.gov/
Overview
https://www.joingoodside.com/guides/climate-change-education
video -
https://www.udemy.com/course/extreme-weather-101/
http://murov.info/climatechangecriticality.pdf
http://www.4cleanair.org/Documents/NACAAClimateSciencePrimerpost.pdf
http://www.aip.org/history/climate/index.htm
History -
http://www.aip.org/history/climate/co2.htm
http://cen.acs.org/articles/87/i51/Global-Warming-Climate-Change.html
http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=environment_about_ghg
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Climate_Change
https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2013/03/27/permafrost-methane-time-bomb-nbc-news/
http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/docs/outreach/Global_Warming_Fiction_Future_web.pdf
IPCC/UN -
https://www.ipcc.ch/
2021 -
ClimateChange |
United Nations
http://www.un.org/climatechange
Sixth
Assessment Report (ipcc.ch)
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/
2020 -
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2020/05/2020-AC6_en.pdf
2018
-
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/07/SR15_SPM_version_stand_alone_LR.pdf
NOAA
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202010
http://www.noaa.gov/climate
https://www.climate.gov/
|
One of the common comments by climate change
naysayers is that water is the most important greenhouse gas but is
ignored by climate change proponents. However, the models do take
water into account and in addition, the warming that the earth is
experiencing is causing an increase in the water content of the
atmosphere and this unfortunate feedback processes that increases
the concentration of water, a greenhouse gas, could accelerate
global warming. Please see the previous website for a graph of
global humidity vs. year.
|
NCADAC
https://www.globalchange.gov/
National Academy of Sciences
https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/climate
EPA
https://www.epa.gov/climate-research
https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators 2016 report is
excellent and downloadable but also available by sending a request for
Climate Change Indicators to
climateindicators@epa.gov
Paris Climate Accord
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
World Economic Forum
https://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-report-2020/a-decade-left/
International Energy Agency (IEA)
http://www.iea.org/topics/climatechange/
United States Global Change Research Program
(National Assessment Report)
https://www.globalchange.gov/
https://science2017.globalchange.gov/
http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators
http://www.globalchange.gov/what-we-do/assessment
U.S.
Dept. of Defense
https://www.globalchange.gov/agency/department-defense
https://climateandsecurity.org/2019/01/new-pentagon-report-the-effects-of-a-changing-climate-are-a-national-security-issue/
U.S.
Dept. of Energy
http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/07/f2/20130716-Energy%20Sector%20Vulnerabilities%20Report.pdf
https://energy.gov/science-innovation/climate-change
U.S. Climate
Resilence Toolkit
http://toolkit.climate.gov/
Center for Climate and Security
http://climateandsecurity.org/2014/02/26/update-climate-security-101-why-the-u-s-national-security-establishment-takes-climate-change-seriously/
NASA
http://climate.nasa.gov/
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3125113/Earth-2100-Nasa-maps-reveal-world-need-adapt-rising-temperatures-caused-climate-change.html
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/
http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/
CCL
(Citizen's Climate Lobby)
https://citizensclimatelobby.org/
https://citizensclimatelobby.org/about-ccl/
Reinsurance Association of America
http://www.reinsurance.org/RAA/News/April_2014/Climate_Voices__Sharing_Scientists__Expertise_on_Climate_Change/
American
Chemical Society
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/policy/publicpolicies/sustainability/globalclimatechange.html
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience.html
http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i16/Climate-Change-Revisited.html
The Pope
https://laudatosi.com/watch
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pope-francis-climate-change-denial-stupid_us_59b6ed8ae4b09be416574f72
https://eos.org/articles/pope-calls-for-action-on-climate-change-environmental-degradation
http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Pope-blasts-California-s-cap-and-trade-system-6336494.php
Royal Society
http://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/climate-evidence-causes/
International
Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/topics/
NCAnet
http://ncanet.usgcrp.gov/
Risky
Business
http://riskybusiness.org/
Skeptical
Science
http://skepticalscience.com/
Mark Jacobson testimonies to Federal
agencies and other articles
http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/
Real Climate
http://www.realclimate.org/
Colorado
State Univ. - 100 Views of Climate Change
http://changingclimates.colostate.edu/
Shaun Marcott (study of last 11,300 years)
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6124/1198.abstract
Richard Muller - The conversion of a climate
change skeptic.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=2
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/29/richard-muller-climate-change-humans-koch_n_1715887.html
http://berkeleyearth.org/
NACAA
http://www.4cleanair.org/Documents/NACAAClimateSciencePrimerpost.pdf
New Yorker Magazine
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/24/the-weight-of-the-world
New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/global-warming-climate-change?inline=nyt-classifier
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact
Research
http://www.pik-potsdam.de/
American Meteorological Association
https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/state-of-the-climate/
World Meteorological Association
http://www.climate.gov.ki/tag/world-meteorological-organization/
Stanford -Concensus for Action
http://consensusforaction.stanford.edu/
Yale (opinion surveys)
http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/
http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us-2016/?est=happening&type=value&geo=county
http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/topic/audiences/
http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-christian-mind/
http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-april-2014/
http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/Global-Warming-CCAM-March-2015/
http://e360.yale.edu/features/how_can_we_make_people_care_about_climate_change
Recent
Findings
feedback loops -
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7546/full/nature14338.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150409
http://www.nature.com/news/climate-change-gets-clocked-1.13922
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/science/earth/by-2047-coldest-years-will-be-warmer-than-hottest-in-past.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
http://www.weather.com/news/news/2047-coldest-years-may-be-warmer-hottest-past-20131009
Climate
change in California (also see
Drought in California)
http://cal-adapt.org/
http://stanford.maps.arcgis.com/apps/StorytellingTextLegend/index.html?appid=dafe2393fd2e4acc8b0a4e6e71d0b6d5
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/
CalEnvironScreen -
https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-version-20
Southwest Climate Change Assessment Report
http://www.swcarr.arizona.edu/
Nebraska Climate Change Report
http://snr.unl.edu/download/research/projects/climateimpacts/2014ClimateChange.pdf
Climate Reform
www.climatetransform.com
Alternate Explanations and Conspiracy
Suggestions
| The PBS broadcast (10/23/12) of the Frontline
program called Climate of Doubt examines the
actions of climate change deniers. It is available
at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/climate-of-doubt/ .
This program focuses on the thoughts and actions of climate
change deniers and shows how they have, by using money and
invoking fear, successfully lowered climate change to a low
priority issue. Notice that the environment was for
all practical purposes not mentioned in any of the three
presidential debates (2012 - other than a brief mention of
renewable energy). Climate of
Doubt is a must watch program for
everyone. When one of the deniers was asked near the
end of the program the question what if you are wrong, his
response was that he would apologize and then reverse
direction. This is not an acceptable approach as the
pay later instead of paying now approach comes with severe
consequences and considerable suffering and it will take
decades to reverse the trend. It is likely that
each year of delay will cost
many years of corrective action. Even if
climate change consequences are exaggerated, ocean
acidification poses another
terrible threat. There are also oil rig,
mining and pipeline accidents and resultant
environmental impacts along with air pollution, water
pollution and wars that result from fossil fuel use.
It is time that we take action. The children of the
world are depending on us. |
http://e360.yale.edu/features/how_can_we_make_people_care_about_climate_change
http://www.skepticalscience.com/argument.php
http://www.skepticalscience.com/
http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2011/04/900-papers-part-two-using-our-paper-is-misleading
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217286/Global-warming-stopped-16-years-ago-reveals-Met-Office-report-quietly-released--chart-prove-it.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_controversy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_conspiracy_theory
https://www.forbes.com/sites/charleskadlec/2011/07/25/the-goal-is-power-the-global-warming-conspiracy/#540685497c08
http://truth-out.org/news/item/9445-who-is-behind-the-conspiracy-against-climate-change-science
http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424053111904537404576554750502443800?mod=googlenews_wsj&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle% 2FSB10001424053111904537404576554750502443800.html%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj
however, see:
http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/442903.2009GL041327.pdf
http://arstechnica.com/science/2011/08/cern-investigates-connection-between-cosmic-rays-and-clouds/
https://townhall.com/columnists/johnstossel/2014/12/10/climate-catastrophe-n1929523
Milankovitch cycles 
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles
Resistance to accepting anthropogenic climate
change can usually be attributed to several factors: some claim the
scientific evidence does not
support anthropogenic climate change, others say that any
changes observed are due to astronomical cycles and not to
human action and others simply think that the impact on
our economy will be disastrous if action is taken to avoid
climate change. Some people including some prominent
politicians have gone so far as to call climate change a
conspiracy (to enable scientists to obtain funding), a
hoax and comical. For example, see:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/19/boehner-calls-global-warm_n_188688.html
|
Directories
and Links
Greenhouse gases as
possible culprits
| Current technology enables the determination
of the concentration of the greenhouse gases (water, CO2,
methane, nitrous oxide, freons and SF6) to be
very accurately determined. There is no doubt that the
gases have been increasing during the last two centuries
with CO2
increasing over 46 % from 280 ppm to
over 410 ppm. The increase can be directly correlated with
the burning of fossil fuels by humans. The only
legitimate scientific question is how the increase in
greenhouse gasses will influence the global climate.
The articles above provide substantial evidence regarding
this issue but it is your responsibility as a juror to reach
your own conclusions. |
Summaries
http://epa.gov/climatechange/kids/basics/today/greenhouse-gases.html
http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas
https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting
water
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/vapor_warming.html
To some and perhaps many people, it is
inconceivable that human action could affect the
concentrations of the major constituents of the
atmosphere. However, very few people when asked, can
name the three most abundant gases in dry air (water is
often #3 but varies from 0 to 4%). Some people can
name 2 of the top 3 (nitrogen - 78% and oxygen - 21%) but
very few name #3 correctly (argon 0.93%) and most
incorrectly and importantly include CO2 among the
top 3. CO2 ranks at #4 but only at 0.04%
(up from 0.03% over the last 200 years due to fossil
fuel combustion). Because atmospheric CO2
is so low, the amount of CO2 produced from
combustion is not insignificant with respect to the amount
in the atmosphere. As a result and due to its long
atmospheric life, human action has clearly increased the CO2
content of the atmosphere.
It might seem surprising that
human activity could produce enough carbon dioxide to affect the
atmosphere. As a very rough idea, the volume of oil burned every
year is about one cubic mile or about 1/4 of the volume of Crater
Lake. Converted to gas, the volume is huge and about the volume
of Lake Superior. This is for oil only and is more than double
when considering the burning of all fossil fuels including coal.
This is just for one year. Over the 200 years of the industrial
revolution, burning has caused a 40% change in the atmospheric content
of carbon dioxide. |
For a newer (added 5/27/22) graph on this topic,
please visit:
The 170 year rise in carbon emissions, average atmospheric carbon... |
Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net)
CO2
(carbon dioxide)
https://www.co2.earth/
http://www.aip.org/history/climate/co2.htm
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
http://planetforlife.com/co2history/index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbondioxide
http://www.democracynow.org/2013/5/13/climate_tipping_point_concentration_of_carbon
http://planetsave.com/2013/05/14/noaas-mauna-loa-observatory-sees-400ppm-carbon-dioxide-levels/
carbon dioxide concentration correlation with temperature
changes
http://www.nature.com/articles/nature10915
http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/04/ice_age_data_bolsters_greenhouse_gas_warming_link/
http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-lags-temperature.htm
| As can be seen in the graph to the right,
temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations correlate
strongly over the last 800,000 years. Some say that
careful examination indicates that the temperature precedes
the carbon dioxide concentration changes. This has
been interpreted by climate science skeptics as evidence
that increases in carbon dioxide concentrations are the
result of temperature increases rather than the cause.
However, closer inspection of the data reveals (see 4
articles immediately above) that most warming follows rather
than precedes the carbon dioxide
increases. More importantly as can be seen
in the graph, our present day carbon dioxide levels are
unprecedented in magnitude and the best science available
predicts that this will result in substantial warming of the
earth. In other words, no matter which was the cause
and which was the effect historically, the earth is
currently experiencing a new situation that needs and
deserves serious consideration. |
![]()  |
CH4
(methane) (also see
Fracking)
http://www.atmosresearch.com/NCGG2a%202002.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane
http://www.climatecentral.org/news/limiting-methane-leaks-critical-to-gas-climate-benefits-16020?gclid=COPqyoSetLcCFeLm7AodMlkASA
Permafrost and
methane feedback mechanisms
http://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2013/03/27/permafrost-methane-time-bomb-nbc-news/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_methane_release
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/JustOneThing/story?id=8457650#.UZl6Vqrn9LM
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18120093
| DANGER, DANGER! It is possible that the
observed warming of the earth could cause melting of
permafrost in the Arctic. The melting will result in
the release of trapped methane which is a much more
effective greenhouse gas than CO2. This
phenomenon (a feedback mechanism) could accelerate the
warming process and significantly shorten the time available
for action to avoid serious consequences from climate
change. |
Fluorocarbons
https://www.fluorocarbons.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020_08_03_EFCTC-Learn-about-selecting-and-using-GWPs-for-refrigerants-F.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon
N2O
(nitrous oxide)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide
Black carbon
(technically not a gas)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080323210225.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon
O3
(ozone)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone#Ozone_as_a_greenhouse_gas
http://www.ghgonline.org/otherstropozone.htm
| Society has the tendency to act on challenges
only when the challenge reaches the crisis stage. With
regard to the issue of climate change, even if you conclude
that the probability is very low that climate change is
anthropogenic, action should be taken now. Unless your
conclusion is that there is a zero chance, anthropogenic
climate change warrants action as the consequences to life
on earth could be beyond imagination. The problem is
that waiting until climate change causes a crisis is not
acceptable as unlike many of society's other crisis, the
fixes take decades. If the crisis stage is reached,
there will be many decades of very negative
consequences. Can we afford to take any risk that
anthropogenic climate change is real? |
Some
Possible Consequences of Global Warming
https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/12/27/climate-change-impacts-everyone/
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-effects/
Sea level
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/199/rising-tides-understanding-sea-level-rise/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise
https://www.co2.earth/
https://coast.noaa.gov/slrdata/
https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.html
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
http://www.climatecentral.org/
http://climate.org/rising-sea-levels-and-indigenous-communities/
Habitat
change
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html
https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Climate-Change/Habitats
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0789-x
https://climatechange.lta.org/climate-impacts/species-and-habitats/
http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol206/Walther%20et%20al%20Nature%202002.pdf
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/impacts/habitat_loss/
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006392
http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2012/01/06/18704233.php
http://indymedia.org.au/2012/01/22/biodiversity-crisis-habitat-loss-and-climate-change-causing-6th-mass-extinction
Extinctions
https://earthly.org/en-US/how-many-species-are-extinct-due-to-climate-change
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1913007117
https://www.iucnredlist.org/
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2012.1890
https://e360.yale.edu/features/escalator-to-extinction-can-mountain-species-adapt-to-climate-change
https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-change-threatens-one-in-six-species-with-extinction-study-finds/
https://theconversation.com/dna-evidence-proves-climate-change-killed-off-prehistoric-megafauna-45080
https://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/climate-change/
https://stacker.com/plants-animals/polar-bears-and-50-other-species-threatened-climate-change
human migration
http://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=450
https://weblog.iom.int/intergovernmental-panel-climate-change-ipcc-calls-more-attention-human-mobility
http://publications.iom.int/books/iom-outlook-migration-environment-and-climate-change
Glaciers
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-glacier-mass-balance
https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/questions/climate.html
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/big-thaw/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850
http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2012/0503/Greenland-s-glaciers-melting-faster-say-scientists
http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/17/world/asia/glacier-himalayas-gain-mass/index.html
Ocean
circulation
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2950/arctic-ice-melt-is-changing-ocean-currents/
https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/earth-systems/blog/climate-change-is-weakening- the-oceans-currents-heres-why-that-matters/
http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/Publications/Book_chapters/rahmstorf_eqs_2006.pdf
http://www.aip.org/history/climate/oceans.htm
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/218
http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/ocean-currents
Weather
disasters and extremes
https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world
https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/envi/pdf/externalexpertise/ieep_6leg/naturaldisasters.pdf
http://climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com/
http://www.skepticalscience.com/extreme-weather-global-warming.htm
| Arguments that the earth is warming are based
predominantly on graphs such as the one above entitled
Global
Temperatures. The data for these graphs results
from a very complex averaging of temperature monitoring
stations around the globe and is subject to a significant
margin of error and controversy. Another way of
analyzing the temperature trends of the earth is to look at
the number of record cold and hot temperatures set each
year. As one might expect, the number historically has
been about equal. However, for the last decade, the
number of record highs has been double the number of record
lows and for the last year, the number of record highs has
been about 7 times the number of record lows.
Individual weather events should not be taken as evidence
for or against global climate change but trends over many
years provide evidence that should not be dismissed. |
Agriculture
https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/climate-change-and-agriculture
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/1090_foodproduction.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/29020/1/20020151.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/climate-change_en
http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2096e/i2096e00.htm
Water
Resources
https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/09/23/climate-change-impacts-water/
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water
https://www.nrdc.org/resources/ready-or-not-evaluation-state-climate-and-water-preparedness-planning
http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2096e/i2096e00.htm
Tempers,
Violence and Wars
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23538771
https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/does-climate-change-cause-conflict
http://emiguel.econ.berkeley.edu/research/quantifying-the-influence-of-climate-on-human-conflict
Wildfires
https://www.c2es.org/content/wildfires-and-climate-change/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/business/energy-environment/wildfires-and-climate-change.html?_r=2&
http://mediamatters.org/research/2012/07/03/study-media-avoid-climate-context-in-wildfire-c/186921
https://climatetransform.com/
Oxygen
depletion in the Oceans.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ocean-s-oxygen-starts-running-low/
https://news.yahoo.com/climate-change-will-deplete-ocean-oxygen-kill-fish-studies-show-182130028.html
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220412203108.htm
Fossil Fuel Issues (in addition
to the possibility of fossil fuel caused global climate
change)
|
Even if climate change is not anthropogenic,
there are many other problems associated with the use of
fossil fuels. Can we justify continued exploration and
exploitation of fossil fuels and accept the deaths and
environmental damage that are directly attributable to
fossil fuels? Clearly, abruptly stopping or even
quickly phasing out fossil fuels would cause much more harm
than good but should we be investing heavily in research
into alternative energy sources to enable the gradual phase
out of fossil fuels?
|
General
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/04/19/9463/fossil-fuels-a-legacy-of-disaster/
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Appendices/Safety-of-Nuclear-Power-Reactors---Appendix/
Ocean acidification, coral reefs
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-you-need-know-about-ocean-acidification
https://www.us-ocb.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2017/03/oa_guide_english.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification
Depletion
http://www.resilience.org/primer
http://www.peakoil.net/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2010/11/101109-peak-oil-iea-world-energy-outlook/
Wars
http://www.globalissues.org/issue/103/middle-east
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/does-climate-change-cause-war-66970734/
Mining
accidents
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/182484/International-Mining-Fatality-Database-project-report.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coal_mining_disasters
U.S. - http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osar0012.htm
Oil rig
accidents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion
Pipeline
explosions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents_in_the_United_States
Acid rain
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/acid-rain/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain
http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/acidrain.htm
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/acid-rain-definition-1434936
Water
pollution
http://www2.worldwater.org/datav7/chapter_4_fossil_fuel_and_water_quality.pdf
oil spills
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill
http://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/oil-spill/humans/
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Oil-Spills-Impact-on-the-Ocean.html
http://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/oil-spill/
http://www.berkeyfilters.com/articles/the-causes-and-effects-of-acid-rain-water/
Air pollution (radiation, mercury, sulfur and nitrogen
oxides)
https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/02/16/2012-806/national-emission-standards-for-hazardous-air-pollutants-from-coal--and-oil-fired-electric-utility?utm_medium=section_news&utm_source=homepage
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/04/05/2016-06310/air-quality-control-reporting-and-compliance
coal
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/coal-air-pollution#.WhybPoWcHIU
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry
oil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry
powerpoint - http://www.slideshare.net/mechportal/air-pollution-in-petroleum-industry
Fracking (also see CH4)
http://www.economonitor.com/dolanecon/2012/05/04/fracking-and-the-environment-an-economic-perspective/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-11/gas-fracking-poses-serious-environmental-risks-u-s-panel-finds.html
https://www.epa.gov/hydraulicfracturing
http://www.theoec.org/Fracking?gclid=CNLN7ZCftLcCFYLm7AodqSYA1w
http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/frackings-future
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/project_syndicate/2012/09/thanks_to_fracking_u_s_carbon_emissions_are_at_the_lowest_levels_in_20_years_.html
Allergies
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know
http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/climate-and-allergies.html
http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1841125,00.html
Radiation
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coal-ash-is-more-radioactive-than-nuclear-waste/
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs163-97/FS-163-97.html
Plant
Growth Rates
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/effects-of-rising-atmospheric-concentrations-of-carbon-13254108
http://vtdigger.org/2013/09/02/invasive-plants-on-the-rise-in-vermont/
Educational Resources
Atmospheric information
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html
Resources
for teachers (and students)
http://murov.info/climatemod.htm
http://scifun.org/ClimateWorkbook/home.html
http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/climate-change-impacts
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/index.html
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience.html
http://www.facingthefuture.org/
http://www.climatechangeeducation.org/
http://www.bbcleaningservice.com/get-clean-go-green.html
NCSE (National Center for Science Education) - http://ncse.com/climate
http://ncse.com/news/2013/04/evolution-climate-change-ngss-0014800
NOAA - http://www.climate.gov/teaching/2014-national-climate-assessment-resources-educators
acid rain -
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html
CLEAN -
http://cleanet.org/index.html
NSTA -
http://www.nsta.org/climate/
http://www.nsta.org/about/positions/climatescience.aspx
PhET -
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/greenhouse
NASA -
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/
Welcome to Bobs Solar Power Hobby Site!
https://solarpower.guide/
Middle School
Powerpoint
Presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/guestf307ffe/greenhouse-gases-and-global-warming-presentation
http://www.slideshare.net/gowoodard/global-warming-its-worse-than-we-thought
http://www.slideshare.net/djhspence/climate-change-science-since-2007
http://www.slideshare.net/u439/global-warming-2433040
Online course
https://bendingthecurve.ucsd.edu/
Environmental
Education
http://www.cde.ca.gov/pd/ca/sc/oeeceein.asp
Sustainability
Suggestions
http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/
https://www.homeadvisor.com/r/green-solutions-kids-adults/
http://www.improvenet.com/environmental-friendly-cleaners-for-your-home
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/SmartWay.do
http://climatekids.nasa.gov/go-green/
http://www.epa.gov/watersense/
http://blog.intheswim.com/green-pools-operate-an-eco-friendly-pool/
http://mysterytacklebox.com/learn/protecting-fish-ocean-wildlife-from-pollution
http://www.bbcleaningservice.com/get-clean-go-green.html
book -
https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466575325
http://www2.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics
Miscellaneous
Carbon
footprint calculator, information
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx
http://www.nature.org/greenliving/carboncalculator/index.htm
https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/
https://quiethut.com/ways-to-reduce-the-carbon-footprint/
Images
of environmental change
https://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots/
Video
https://mashable.com/article/best-climate-change-documentaries
https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/503113152/terra-nostra-a-multimedia-symphony-about-climate-c?ref=email_nextsteps_spotlight
Richard Anderson and MJC Media Services videos of presentations to MAPS (Modesto
Area Partners in Science) -
http://share.yosemite.edu/view.aspx?i=1E7L
ocean acidification - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgdlAt4CR-4
glacier loss -
http://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2015/07/25/exp-gps-hansen-sot-climate.cnn
https://share.yosemite.edu/view.aspx?i=11H2
https://www.carbonbrief.org/10-of-the-best-youtube-videos-on-climate-change
https://www.tun.com/blog/best-online-courses-and-programs-on-climate-change/
https://sdgacademy.org/course/climate-change-the-science-and-global-impact/
https://www.edx.org/
Renewable and Alternate Energy Sources
http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=environment_about_ghg
http://www.altenergy.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy
http://www.autoinsurancecenter.com/students-guide-to-alternative-fuels.htm
https://usinsuranceagents.com/solar-power-at-home
Welcome to Bobs
Solar Power Hobby Site!
https://solarpower.guide/
| Conservation and use of wind,
solar and other renewable sources of energy should
help to diminish the long term consequences of
fossil fuel combustion. The problem has been
decades in the making and it will take many decades
to reach a maximum atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration. To turn the production of
carbon dioxide around will probably require
technological breakthroughs. Two of the
possible areas for research are nuclear fusion and
artificial photosynthesis. Commerical
availability of these energy sources is probably at
least 20 years away. Historically, when there
has been a need for a rapid advance in science and
technology, the U.S. has responded with significant
financial and people investments. The
Manhattan Project and the Apollo mission to the moon
are two very successful examples of these dedicated
efforts to reach desired goals. Should we
consider such an effort to find alternatives to
fossil fuels? The sites below provide some
insight into the current research status of nuclear
fusion and artificial photosynthesis.
nuclear fusion -
http://www.iter.org/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/12/275896094/scientists-say-their-giant-laser-has-produced-nuclear-fusion
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/high-powered-lasers-deliver-fusion-energy-breakthrough/
artificial photosynthesis - In Science magazine (Sept.
27, 1912,
p. 384) G. Ciamician wrote:
"On the arid lands there will spring up
industrial colonies without smoke and without
smokestacks; forests of glass tubes will extend
over the plains and glass buildings will rise
everywhere; inside of these will take place the
photochemical processes that hitherto have been
the guarded secret of the plants, but that will
have been mastered by human industry which will
know how to make them bear even more abundant
fruit than nature, for nature is not in a hurry
and mankind is. And if in a distant future the
supply of coal becomes completely exhausted,
civilization will not be checked by that, for
life and civilization will continue as long as
the sun shines!"
Over 100 years later, we have
not achieved Ciamician's prediction but the sites
below provide an update on our progress.
http://phys.org/tags/artificial+photosynthesis/
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-photosynthesis-for-energy-takes-a-step-forward/
http://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/9567/A-Breakthrough-in-Artificial-Photosynthesis.aspx
JCAP - http://solarfuelshub.org/
Nocera - http://nocera.harvard.edu/Home
Ozin - https://raphazlab.wordpress.com/2014/01/09/geoffrey-a-ozin-artificial-photosynthesis-solar-fuels-from-the-sun-not-fossil-fuels-from-the-earth/
Brookhaven -
https://www.bnl.gov/chemistry/AP/
|
Movies (commercial
documentaries)
An Inconvenient Truth, sequel -
https://inconvenientsequel.tumblr.com/
Cool It - http://lomborg.com/cool-it
The Great Global Warming Swindle - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Global_Warming_Swindle
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/climate-change/
Chasing Ice - http://www.chasingice.com/
The Burden -
http://www.theburdenfilm.com/
Global Warming -
https://answersingenesis.org/store/product/global-warming/?sku=30-9-225
Time to Choose -
http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/time-choose-telluride-review-821204
Before the Flood -
https://www.beforetheflood.com/
Merchants of Doubt -
http://sonyclassics.com/merchantsofdoubt/
|
Part of the reason for studying history is to
understand the causes of events that appear in hindsight to
have been the wrong paths for civilization to have
taken. Perhaps the best historical analog to climate
change has been the issue of freons and their impact on the
ozone layer. Primitive data in the early 1970's
predicted that freons would negatively impact the ozone
layer and among other negative effects result in an increase
in skin cancer. The world heeded the scientific alerts
and reacted in a fairly timely manner to phase out the use
of freons. Data show that in fact the ozone layer was
being impacted by freons including the production of an
ozone hole over Antarctica with negative consequences on
life. Fortunately the actions taken worldwide have
limited the damage and there is now evidence that the ozone
depletion recently reached a maximum and is now
decreasing. The lesson for climate change has not sunk
in, however, as the world for the most part is doing little
to reverse fossil fuel consumption.
|
The Ozone
Issue
http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/
https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ozone_en
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/ozone-depletion/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
Books
http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i50/Michael-Manns-Hockey-Stick.html
http://www.amazon.com/Hockey-Stick-Climate-Wars-Dispatches/dp/023115254X
http://www.amazon.com/Climate-Smart-Energy-Wise-Advancing/dp/1483304477
Atmosphere of Hope:
Searching for Solutions to the Climate Crisis
Hardcover
– October 6, 2015, by
Tim Flannery
Merchants of Doubt: How a
Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to
Global Warming, Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway
new books:
a.
This Is Climate Change: A
Visual Guide to the Facts―See for Yourself How the Planet Is Warming and
What It Means for Us, David
Nelles and Christian
Serrer | Sep 14, 2021, Hardcover, $14.95, 128
pages, ISBN-10 : 1615198261, ISBN-13 : 978-1615198269
b .
Humans of Climate Change: A Cultural Journey to
Explore Climate-Change Impacts, Solutions, and Hope by
Kaden Hogan ASIN : B09BB8DLWP Publication date : July
26, 2021 185 pages, paperback $7.99
c. All We Can
Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis Paperback – July
20, 2021
by Ayana Elizabeth
Johnson (Editor), Katharine K. Wilkinson (Editor), Publisher : One World
(July 20, 2021)
Paperback :
448 pages, ISBN-10 : 0593237080, ISBN-13 : 978-0593237083,
paperback $15.19
d.
Carbon Choices: Common-sense Solutions to our Climate and
Nature Crises by Neil Kitching | Sep 23, 2020, Paperback, $13.99, 322 pages,
ISBN-13 : 979-868750574
e.
Global Warming: CAUSE EFFECT MITIGATION, by Edvard Julius
Solnes | Jan 8, 2020, $35.95, 253 pages, ISBN-10 : 1657555224,
ISBN-13 : 978-1657555228, kindle $7.95
These 6 books explore climate change science and solutions | Science News
Are
We Ready? How We Are Teaching – and Not Teaching – Kids About Climate Change
(hechingerreport.org)
5
Books About Climate Change You Should Read Now | Kirkus Reviews
Best
Climate Change Books (151 books) (goodreads.com)
Geoengineering
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineering
http://geo-engineering.blogspot.com/
http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/
Lectures
Modesto
Area Partners in Science (MAPS) events -
https://www.mjc.edu/instruction/sme/maps.php
http://murov.info/maps.htm
Modesto
Junior College Science Colloquium -
https://www.mjc.edu/instruction/sme/colloquium.php
Advocacy
organizations
Regional Economic Models,
Inc. REMI (National and Dividend Fee
Carbon Tax)
http://citizensclimatelobby.org/
https://dv7gcmvxe5e8l.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/REMI-National-SUMMARY.pdf
https://dv7gcmvxe5e8l.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-Economic-Climate-Fiscal-Power-and-Demographic-Impact-of-a-National-Fee-and-Dividend-Carbon-Tax-6.9.14.pdf
https://citizensclimatelobby.org/remi-report/
https://citizensclimatelobby.org/carbon-fee-and-dividend/
Organizations Fighting for a Better Climate (from:
Atmosphere of Hope: Searching
for Solutions to the Climate Crisis
Hardcover
– October 6, 2015, by
Tim Flannery
Climate Communications & Research Organizations
http://www.carbontracker.org/
http://climatecolab.org/
http://www.climatecouncil.org.au/
http://climateoutreach.org/
http://www.climateworks.org/
http://www.rtcc.org/
Climate Advocacy
http://www.1millionwomen.com.au/
https://www.acf.org.au/
http://careclimatechange.org/
http://www.ceres.org/
http://citizensclimatelobby.org/
https://www.climaterealityproject.org/
Climate Action Networks
http://climatenetwork.org/
Renewable Energy
http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/
http://www.irena.org/
https://irena.org/climatechange
http://www.ren21.net/
http://solar-aid.org/about
http://www.solarcitizens.org.au/
Divestment
http://350.org/
http://divestinvest.org/
Climate Youth Movements
http://www.aycc.org.au/
http://www.ourclimate.ca/
http://ukycc.org/
Exploring Matter: An
Interactive, Inexpensive Chemistry Exhibit for Museums
(contains 21
stations with 3 containing climate change related materials)
http://murov.info/EM-TOC.htm
Postscript:
In 1908,
Svante Arrhenius
publised a book entitled Worlds in the Making that
contained the following remarks:
"That the
atmospheric envelopes limit the heat losses from the planets
had been suggested about 1800 by the great French physicist
Fourier. His ideas were further developed afterwards by
Pouillet and Tyndall. Their theory has been styled the
hot-house theory, because they thought that the atmosphere
acted after the manner of the glass panes of hot-houses."
"... any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in
the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface
by 4�; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold,
the temperature would rise by 8�."
"We often hear lamentations that the coal stored up in the
earth is wasted by the present generation without any
thought of the future, and we are terrified by the awful
destruction of life and property which has followed the
volcanic eruptions of our days. We may find a kind of
consolation in the consideration that here, as in every
other case, there is good mixed with the evil. By the
influence of the increasing percentage of carbonic acid in
the atmosphere, we may hope to enjoy ages with more
equable and better climates, especially as regards the
colder regions of the earth, ages when the earth will
bring forth much more abundant crops than at present, for
the benefit of rapidly propagating mankind."
| It is now time for the jury to reach its
verdict. Is it important to begin a phase out of
fossil fuels? The verdict is in your hands.
Remember that there is a possibility that the quality of
life on earth depends on the decision. |
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