Properties of Solvents Used in Organic Chemistry

Properties of Solvents Used in Organic Chemistry*

On 8/19/20, a compilation of boiling points, melting points, densities and refractive indices for 1000 organic compounds has been uploaded to http://murov.info/orgcmpds.htm . Please also note that on 3/30/20, a table with most of the data below has been uploaded that has sortable columns (click on the column heading). http://murov.info/orgsolvsort.htm . However the links below the tables on this site are not included on the sortable table site.

The values in the table below except as noted have been extracted from online and hardbound compilations . Values for relative polarity, eluant strength, threshold limits and vapor pressure have been extracted from: Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003, and the chemidplus site. For Spectra of Solvents and other sites with properties of organic compounds, jump to the bottom of the solvent tables. For an Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual with experiments and exercises, see: http://murov.info/orglab.htm .

For an organic chemistry directory, see: http://murov.info/orgchemres.htm
*(Note: The title of this site was changed from the original Properties of Organic Solvents to the present title because the "US Patent and Trademark Office have relied on the document to assert that water is an organic solvent.").
For those of you who conduct or organize seminars, links to many Powerpoint Preshows, exercises and challenges that can be used while audiences await the start of the seminar are available at: http://murov.info/PPTPreshows.htm.

Please report any errors to murovs@yosemite.edu.
For additional chemistry, science and other web sites, please visit http://murov.info .
For recently posted sites, please visit: http://murov.info/orgchemres.htm , http://murov.info/aufbaupt.htm , http://murov.info/timelines.htm , http://murov.info/organicmilestones.htm, Photophysical properties of organic compounds - http://murov.info/photophys.htm .

The tables below were posted (10/23/98), revised (07/28/09) and last modified (08/19/20) by Steve Murov, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Modesto Junior College.

Table 1 arranged alphabetically
Table 2 arranged according to increasing polarity
Spectra links
Chemical Property links (and miscellaneous)

TABLE 1

Solvent	formula	boiling point (^oC)	melting point (^oC)	density (g/mL)	solubility in H₂O¹ (g/100g)	relative polarity²	eluant strength³	threshold limits⁴ (ppm)	vapor pressure 20^oC (hPa)	dipole moment (D)	dielectric constant	viscosity 10^-3 Pa s
acetic acid	C₂H₄O₂	118	16.6	1.049	M	0.648	>1	10	15.3	1.68	6.2	1.12
acetone	C₃H₆O	56.2	-94.3	0.786	M	0.355	0.56	500	240	2.85	21	0.30
acetonitrile	C₂H₃N	81.6	-46	0.786	M	0.460	0.65	20	97	3.5	37.5	0.34
acetyl acetone	C₅H₈O₂	140.4	-23	0.975	16	0.571			3	3.0	23	0.6
2-aminoethanol	C₂H₇NO	170.9	10.5	1.018	M	0.651		3	0.53	2.3 - 2.6	37.7	20.8
aniline	C₆H₇N	184.4	-6.0	1.022	3.4	0.420		2	0.4	1.6	6.8	3.8
anisole	C₇H₈O	153.7	-37.5	0.996	0.10	0.198			3.5*	1.4	4.3	0.98
benzene	C₆H₆	80.1	5.5	0.879	0.18	0.111	0.32	0.5	101	0	2.3	0.60
benzonitrile	C₇H₅N	205	-13	0.996	0.2	0.333		10	12	4.1	26	1.27
benzyl alcohol	C₇H₈O	205.4	-15.3	1.042	3.5	0.608			0.094*	1.7	13	5.47
1-butanol	C₄H₁₀O	117.6	-89.5	0.81	7.7	0.586		20	6.3	1.7	17.5	2.59
2-butanol	C₄H₁₀O	99.5	-114.7	0.808	18.1	0.506		100	18.3*	1.7	17.3	3.1
i-butanol	C₄H₁₀O	107.9	-108.2	0.803	8.5	0.552			10.5*	1.8	17.9	6.68
2-butanone	C₄H₈O	79.6	-86.3	0.805	25.6	0.327	0.51	200	105	2.8	18.6	0.41
t-butyl alcohol	C₄H₁₀O	82.2	25.5	0.786	M	0.389		100	41	1.7	12.4	3.35
carbon disulfide	CS₂	46.3	-111.6	1.263	0.2	0.065	0.15	10	400	0	2.6	0.36
carbon tetrachloride	CCl₄	76.7	-22.4	1.594	0.08	0.052	0.18	5	120	0	2.3	0.90
chlorobenzene	C₆H₅Cl	132	-45.6	1.106	0.05	0.188	0.30	10	12	1.54	5.7	0.75
chloroform	CHCl₃	61.2	-63.5	1.498	0.8	0.259		10	210	1.0	4.8	0.54
cyclohexane	C₆H₁₂	80.7	6.6	0.779	0.005	0.006	0.04	100	104	0	2	0.89
cyclohexanol	C₆H₁₂O	161.1	25.2	0.962	4.2	0.509		50	1.2	1.9	15
cyclohexanone	C₆H₁₀O	155.6	-16.4	0.948	2.3	0.281		25	5	2.9	15	2.00
di-n-butylphthalate	C₁₆H₂₂O₄	340	-35	1.049	0.0011	0.272						16.6
1,1-dichloroethane	C₂H₄Cl₂	57.3	-97.0	1.176	0.5	0.269		100	240	1.8	10	0.84
1,2-dichloroethane	C₂H₄Cl₂	83.5	-35.4	1.235	0.87	0.327			79*	1.8	10.4	0.78
diethylamine	C₄H₁₁N	56.3	-48	0.706	M	0.145	0.63	5	260	1.2	3.8	0.32
diethylene glycol	C₄H₁₀O₃	245	-10	1.118	M	0.713			0.027	2.3	31.8	30.2
diglyme	C₆H₁₄O₃	162	-64	0.945	M	0.244				1.9	7.23	1.88
dimethoxyethane (glyme)	C₄H₁₀O₂	85	-58	0.868	M	0.231				1.7	7.3	1.1
N,N-dimethylaniline	C₈H₁₁N	194.2	2.4	0.956	0.14	0.179						1.40
dimethylformamide (DMF)	C₃H₇NO	153	-61	0.944	M	0.386		10	3.5	3.8	37	0.80
dimethylphthalate	C₁₀H₁₀O₄	283.8	1	1.190	0.43	0.309
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)	C₂H₆OS	189	18.4	1.092	M	0.444	0.75		0.61*	3.9	46.7	2.00
dioxane	C₄H₈O₂	101.1	11.8	1.033	M	0.164	0.56	20	41	0.4	2	1.18
ethanol	C₂H₆O	78.5	-114.1	0.789	M	0.654	0.88	100	59	1.7	24	1.08
ether	C₄H₁₀O	34.6	-116.3	0.713	7.5	0.117	0.38	400	587	1.25	4.3	0.22
ethyl acetate	C₄H₈O₂	77	-83.6	0.894	8.7	0.228	0.58	400	97	1.78	6.0	0.43
ethyl acetoacetate	C₆H₁₀O₃	180.4	-80	1.028	2.9	0.577			0.78*
ethyl benzoate	C₉H₁₀O₂	213	-34.6	1.047	0.07	0.228				2.0	6.0
ethylene glycol	C₂H₆O₂	197	-13	1.115	M	0.790	1.11		0.092*	2.3	37.7	16.1
glycerin	C₃H₈O₃	290	17.8	1.261	M	0.812				2.7	42.5	934
heptane	C₇H₁₆	98	-90.6	0.684	0.0003	0.012		400	48	0	1.9	0.39
1-heptanol	C₇H₁₆O	176.4	-35	0.819	0.17	0.549				1.7	12	6.0
hexane	C₆H₁₄	69	-95	0.655	0.0014	0.009	0.01	50	160	0	1.9	0.29
1-hexanol	C₆H₁₄O	158	-46.7	0.814	0.59	0.559			0.22*	1.60	12.5	0.59
methanol	CH₄O	64.6	-98	0.791	M	0.762	0.95	200	128	1.6	33	0.54
methyl acetate	C₃H₆O₂	56.9	-98.1	0.933	24.4	0.253		200	220	1.7	6.68	0.36
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)	C₅H₁₂O	55.2	-109	0.741	4.8	0.124	0.20		250*	1.4	2.6	0.36
methylene chloride	CH₂Cl₂	39.8	-96.7	1.326	1.32	0.309	0.42	50	475	1.6	9.0	0.42
1-octanol	C₈H₁₈O	194.4	-15	0.827	0.096	0.537				1.7	10.3	7.4
pentane	C₅H₁₂	36.1	-129.7	0.626	0.004	0.009	0.00	600	573	0	1.84	0.23
1-pentanol	C₅H₁₂O	138.0	-78.2	0.814	2.2	0.568			2.2*	1.7	14	3.5
2-pentanol	C₅H₁₂O	119.0	-50	0.810	4.5	0.488			6.1*	1.7	13.7	3.5
3-pentanol	C₅H₁₂O	115.3	-8	0.821	5.1	0.463			8.8*	1.7	13.3
2-pentanone	C₅H₁₀O	102.3	-76.9	0.809	4.3	0.321			35.4*	2.7	15.4	0.50
3-pentanone	C₅H₁₂O	101.7	-39.8	0.814	3.4	0.265		200	37.7*	2.8	17.0	0.44
1-propanol	C₃H₈O	97	-126	0.803	M	0.617	0.82		21*	1.68	22	1.95
2-propanol	C₃H₈O	82.4	-88.5	0.785	M	0.546	0.82	400	44	1.66	19	2.07
pyridine	C₅H₅N	115.5	-42	0.982	M	0.302	0.71	5	20	2.2	13	0.88
tetrahydrofuran(THF)	C₄H₈O	66	-108.4	0.886	30 or M⁵	0.207	0.57	200	200	1.63	7.5	0.46
toluene	C₇H₈	110.6	-93	0.867	0.05	0.099	0.29	50	29	0.36	2.4	0.55
water	H₂O	100.00	0.00	0.998	M	1.000	>>1		17.5	1.85	80.1	0.89
water, heavy	D₂O	101.3	4	1.107	M	0.991			15	1.84	78.3	1.10
p-xylene	C₈H₁₀	138.3	13.3	0.861	0.02	0.074	0.26	100	15	0	2.27	0.65

1    M = miscible.
2    The values for relative polarity are normalized from measurements of solvent shifts of absorption spectra and were
      extracted from Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003.
3Snyder's empirical eluant strength parameter for alumina. Extracted from Reichardt, page 495.
4   Threshold limits for exposure. Extracted from Reichardt, pages 501-502.
5   https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrahydrofuran#section=Solubility
*    25^oC
TABLE 2

Solvent	formula	boiling point (^oC)	melting point (^oC)	density (g/mL)	solubility in H₂O¹ (g/100g)	relative polarity²	eluant strength³	threshold limits⁴ (ppm)	vapor pressure 20^oC (hPa)	dipole moment (D)	dielectric constant	viscosity 10^-3 Pa s
cyclohexane	C₆H₁₂	80.7	6.6	0.779	0.005	0.006	0.04	100	104	0	2	0.89
pentane	C₅H₁₂	36.1	-129.7	0.626	0.0039	0.009	0.00	600	573	0	1.84	0.23
hexane	C₆H₁₄	69	-95	0.655	0.0014	0.009	0.01	50	160	0	1.9	0.29
heptane	C₇H₁₆	98	-90.6	0.684	0.0003	0.012		400	48	0	1.9	0.39
carbon tetrachloride	CCl₄	76.7	-22.4	1.594	0.08	0.052	0.18	5	120	0	2.3	0.90
carbon disulfide	CS₂	46.3	-111.6	1.263	0.2	0.065	0.15	10	400	0	2.6	0.36
p-xylene	C₈H₁₀	138.3	13.3	0.861	0.02	0.074	0.26	100	15	0	2.27	0.65
toluene	C₇H₈	110.6	-93	0.867	0.05	0.099	0.24	50	29	0.36	2.4	0.55
benzene	C₆H₆	80.1	5.5	0.879	0.18	0.111	0.32	0.5	101	0	2.3	0.60
ether	C₄H₁₀O	34.6	-116.3	0.713	7.5	0.117	0.38	400	587	1.25	4.3	0.22
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)	C₅H₁₂O	55.2	-109	0.741	4.8	0.124	0.20		250*	1.4	2.6	0.36
diethylamine	C₄H₁₁N	56.3	-48	0.706	M	0.145	0.63	5	260	1.2	3.8	0.32
dioxane	C₄H₈O₂	101.1	11.8	1.033	M	0.164	0.56	20	41	0.4	2	1.18
N,N-dimethylaniline	C₈H₁₁N	194.2	2.4	0.956	0.14	0.179						1.40
chlorobenzene	C₆H₅Cl	132	-45.6	1.106	0.05	0.188	0.30	10	12	1.54	5.7	0.75
anisole	C₇H₈O	153.7	-37.5	0.996	0.10	0.198			3.5*	1.4	4.3	0.98
tetrahydrofuran (THF)	C₄H₈O	66	-108.4	0.886	30 or M⁵	0.207	0.57	200	200	1.63	7.5	0.46
ethyl acetate	C₄H₈O₂	77	-83.6	0.894	8.7	0.228	0.57	400	97	1.78	6.0	0.43
ethyl benzoate	C₉H₁₀O₂	213	-34.6	1.047	0.07	0.228				2.0	6.0
dimethoxyethane (glyme)	C₄H₁₀O₂	85	-58	0.868	M	0.231				1.7	7.3	1.1
diglyme	C₆H₁₄O₃	162	-64	0.945	M	0.244				1.9	7.23	1.88
methyl acetate	C₃H₆O₂	56.9	-98.1	0.933	24.4	0.253		200	220	1.7	6.68	0.36
chloroform	CHCl₃	61.2	-63.5	1.498	0.8	0.259	0.40	10	210	1.0	4.8	0.54
3-pentanone	C₅H₁₂O	101.7	-39.8	0.814	3.4	0.265		200	37.7*	2.8	17.0	0.44
1,1-dichloroethane	C₂H₄Cl₂	57.3	-97.0	1.176	0.5	0.269		100	240	1.8	10	0.84
di-n-butyl phthalate	C₁₆H₂₂O₄	340	-35	1.049	0.0011	0.272						16.6
cyclohexanone	C₆H₁₀O	155.6	-16.4	0.948	2.3	0.281		25	5	2.9	15	2.00
pyridine	C₅H₅N	115.5	-42	0.982	M	0.302	0.71	5	20	2.2	13	0.88
dimethylphthalate	C₁₀H₁₀O₄	283.8	1	1.190	0.43	0.309
methylene chloride	CH₂Cl₂	39.8	-96.7	1.326	1.32	0.309	0.42	50	475	1.6	9.0	0.42
2-pentanone	C₅H₁₀O	102.3	-76.9	0.809	4.3	0.321			35.4*	2.7	15.4	0.50
2-butanone	C₄H₈O	79.6	-86.3	0.805	25.6	0.327	0.51	200	105	2.8	18.6	0.41
1,2-dichloroethane	C₂H₄Cl₂	83.5	-35.4	1.235	0.87	0.327			79*	1.8	10.4	0.78
benzonitrile	C₇H₅N	205	-13	0.996	0.2	0.333		10	12	4.1	26	1.27
acetone	C₃H₆O	56.2	-94.3	0.786	M	0.355	0.56	500	240	2.85	21	0.30
dimethylformamide (DMF)	C₃H₇NO	153	-61	0.944	M	0.386		10	3.5	3.8	37	0.80
t-butyl alcohol	C₄H₁₀O	82.2	25.5	0.786	M	0.389		100	41	1.7	12.4	3.35
aniline	C₆H₇N	184.4	-6.0	1.022	3.4	0.420		2	0.4	1.6	6.8	3.8
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)	C₂H₆OS	189	18.4	1.092	M	0.444	0.75		0.61*	3.9	46.7	2.00
acetonitrile	C₂H₃N	81.6	-46	0.786	M	0.460	0.65	20	97	3.5	37.5	0.34
3-pentanol	C₅H₁₂O	115.3	-8	0.821	5.1	0.463			8.8*	1.7	13.3
2-pentanol	C₅H₁₂O	119.0	-50	0.810	4.5	0.488			6.1*	1.7	13.7	3.5
2-butanol	C₄H₁₀O	99.5	-114.7	0.808	18.1	0.506		100	18.3*	1.7	17.3	3.1
cyclohexanol	C₆H₁₂O	161.1	25.2	0.962	4.2	0.509		50	1.2	1.9	15
1-octanol	C₈H₁₈O	194.4	-15	0.827	0.096	0.537				1.7	10.3	7.4
2-propanol	C₃H₈O	82.4	-88.5	0.785	M	0.546	0.82	400	44	1.66	19	2.07
1-heptanol	C₇H₁₆O	176.4	-35	0.819	0.17	0.549				1.7	12	6.0
i-butanol	C₄H₁₀O	107.9	-108.2	0.803	8.5	0.552				1.8	17.9	6.68
1-hexanol	C₆H₁₄O	158	-46.7	0.814	0.59	0.559			0.22*	1.6	12.5	4.6
1-pentanol	C₅H₁₂O	138.0	-78.2	0.814	2.2	0.568			2.2*	1.7	14	3.5
acetyl acetone	C₅H₈O₂	140.4	-23	0.975	16	0.571			3	3.0	23	0.6
ethyl acetoacetate	C₆H₁₀O₃	180.4	-80	1.028	2.9	0.577			0.78*
1-butanol	C₄H₁₀O	117.6	-89.5	0.81	7.7	0.586		20	6.3	1.7	17.5	2.59
benzyl alcohol	C₇H₈O	205.4	-15.3	1.042	3.5	0.608			0.094*	1.7	13	5.47
1-propanol	C₃H₈O	97	-126	0.803	M	0.617	0.82		21*	1.68	22	1.95
acetic acid	C₂H₄O₂	118	16.6	1.049	M	0.648	>1	10	15.3	1.68	6.2	1.12
2-aminoethanol	C₂H₇NO	170.9	10.5	1.018	M	0.651		3	0.53	2.3 - 2.6	37.7	20.8
ethanol	C₂H₆O	78.5	-114.1	0.789	M	0.654	0.88	1000	59	1.7	24	1.08
diethylene glycol	C₄H₁₀O₃	245	-10	1.118	M	0.713			0.027	2.3	31.8	30.2
methanol	CH₄O	64.6	-98	0.791	M	0.762	0.95	200	128	1.6	33	0.54
ethylene glycol	C₂H₆O₂	197	-13	1.115	M	0.790	1.11			2.3	37.7	16.1
glycerin	C₃H₈O₃	290	17.8	1.261	M	0.812				2.7	42.5	934
water, heavy	D₂O	101.3	4	1.107	M	0.991			15	1.84	78.3	1.10
water	H₂O	100.00	0.00	0.998	M	1.000	>>1		17.5	1.85	80.1	0.89

Chemical Properties

A. Elements - Periodic Tables

B. Compounds - Properties

C. Search for Compounds from Properties

D. Solvent Properties

E. Chemical Education Journals

F. Chemistry Directory

G. Organic Chemistry Directory

H. Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry

I. Literature search

J. Spectra
K. Miscellaneous
M. Virtual Textbooks of Organic Chemistry

A. Elements - Periodic Tables - WebElements - http://www.webelements.com/
        http://murov.info/aufbaupt.htm     http://murov.info/periodictables.htm
        http://murov.info/pertabtrends.htm      http://murov.info/pertabtrends.pptx
       Directory of Periodic Tables - https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=All
                                                     http://murov.info/periodictables.htm
       Periodic table with history of elements - http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/
       Chronology of the development of the periodic table - http://murov.info/timelines.htm
       History of elements and periodic table - http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/
       Properties of the elements - http://www.knowledgedoor.com/

B. Compounds - Properties
         1. Tabulation
            Murov - http://murov.info/orgcmpds.htm
            WolframAlpha - http://www.wolframalpha.com/
            Chemical Book - http://www.chemicalbook.com/
            Chemidplus - https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/    https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
            Stenutz - http://www.stenutz.eu/chem/search.php
            ChemBK - https://www.chembk.com/en
            Knovel Critical Tables (If using Explorer, it must be newest version)
                  (21824 compounds in sortable tables) - login required  - initial registration or login: https://app.knovel.com/web/register.v ,
                  already registered login: https://app.knovel.com/web/login.v ,
                  click on or copy and paste:   https://app.knovel.com/web/view/itable/show.v/rcid:kpKCTE000X/cid:kt002VLXT1/viewerType:itble/
                  To filter the listing, click on the triangle following the desired parameter, select filter and then enter the limits of the desired parameter (<, > or =) and hit enter.
                   (7274 Compounds in sortable tables) - https://app.knovel.com/web/view/itable/show.v/rcid:kpKS000009/cid:kt00395F16/viewerType:itble/
            ChemSynthesis - https://www.chemsynthesis.com/
            Kaye and Laby - organic -https://web.archive.org/web/20190519191800/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_3/3_3.html
                                     inorganic - https://web.archive.org/web/20190502165701/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_2/3_2.html
            Chemland 21 - http://www.chemicalland21.com/listaz01.htm
            Chemblink http://www.chemblink.com/
            ChemSRC - https://www.chemsrc.com/en/
            LookChem - http://www.lookchem.com/
            Human Metabolome Database - http://www.hmdb.ca/
            EPA - https://chemview.epa.gov/chemview
                      https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
            MolBase - http://www.molbase.com/
            PubChem - https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
            Osha - https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/
            Shriner, et.al, Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds, manual for identifying organic compounds especially with the use of derivatives,
               includes tables of common organic compounds with melting or boiling points and melting points of derivatives in tables at back.
            https://celqusb.files.wordpress.com/2018/04/kupdf-com_systematic-identification-of-organic-compounds-wiley-shrinerhermannmorrillcurtinfuson.pdf

        2. Tabulation + MSDS
            Acros, Fisher - https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/brands/I9C8LQ1I/acros-organics.html
            Alpha Chemical - https://www.alfa.com/en/chemicals/
            ChemExper Chem. Directory - http://www.chemexper.com/
            Chemidplus - https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/    https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
            Chemindex - http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chemindex/search.html
            Chemspider - http://www.chemspider.com/
                                http://www.chemspider.com/SimpleSearch.aspx
            EMD Chemicals - http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/documents/Z.qb.qB.tecAAAFDDJUsznLq,nav
            TCI America - http://www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/support-download/brochure/catalog.html
            Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_chemical_formulas
                             https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds
            Chemical Book - http://www.chemicalbook.com/

       3. MSDS or SDS
            Aldrich, Sigma,- https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html
              MSDS Solutions - http://www.msds.com/
              Vermont Safety Information Resources, Inc. - http://hazard.com/msds/
            MSDSprovider - http://www.msdsprovider.com/
            MSDS online - https://www.msdsonline.com/
            MSDS digital - https://www.msdsdigital.com/msds-database
            Fisher - https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/catalog/search/sdshome.html
            EHSO - http://ehso.com/msds-sds.php

C. Search for Compounds from Properties
        Aldrich - http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/substructure/OldSubstructureSearchPage
                    accepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, mp, bp, density
        ChemExper Chem Directory - http://www.chemexper.com/advanced_search.shtml
                    accepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, bp, mp, refractive index, density, ir, nmr
        ChemNet Data Base   http://poc.chemnetbase.com/faces/chemical/ChemicalSearch.xhtml
                    accepts formula, melting point, boiling point
        Chemspider - http://www.chemspider.com/FullSearch.aspx
                    accepts - formula, molecular mass
        Melting point and molecular mass search: https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/
                    accepts - formula, mp, bp
        Murov - http://murov.info/orgcmpds.htm
                    search by molecular mass, bp, mp, density, refractiive index
        Organic Chemistry Data Base - http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/cmp/cmp.html
                    accepts - formula, molecular mass, mp, bp, density, refractive index, ir, ms
        NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
                    accepts - formula, molecular mass, ir, nmr, ms
        Polymers - http://www.matweb.com/search/PropertySearch.aspx
        Knovel Critical Tables (If using Explorer, it must be newest version)
                  (21824 compounds in sortable tables) - login required  - initial registration or login: https://app.knovel.com/web/register.v ,
                  already registered login: https://app.knovel.com/web/login.v ,
                  click on or copy and paste:   https://app.knovel.com/web/view/itable/show.v/rcid:kpKCTE000X/cid:kt002VLXT1/viewerType:itble/
                  To filter the listing, click on the triangle following the desirred parameter, select filter and then enter the limits of the desired parameter (<, > or =) and hit enter.
                   (7274 Compounds in sortable tables) - https://app.knovel.com/web/view/itable/show.v/rcid:kpKS000009/cid:kt00395F16/viewerType:itble/

   D. Solvent Properties
        http://murov.info/orgsolvents.htm     http://murov.info/orgsolvsort.htm
        https://www.organicdivision.org/ama/orig/organic_solvents.html
        http://www.stenutz.eu/chem/
        http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/physical_character_solvents.html
        https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/OrgPage/solvent.htm
        https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/stockroom-reagents/learning-center/technical-library/solvent-properties.html
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent
        https://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/williams/Solvent%20properties.pdf
        Knovel Critical Tables (If using Explorer, it must be newest version)
                  (21824 compounds in sortable tables) - login required  - initial registration or login: https://app.knovel.com/web/register.v ,
                  already registered login: https://app.knovel.com/web/login.v ,
                  click on or copy and paste:   https://app.knovel.com/web/view/itable/show.v/rcid:kpKCTE000X/cid:kt002VLY34/viewerType:itble/
                  To filter the listing, click on the triangle following the desirred parameter, select filter and then enter the limits of the desired parameter (<, > or =) and hit enter.
            ChemSynthesis - https://www.chemsynthesis.com/
         nmr of deuterated solvents
            http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/common_nmr_solvents.html
            http://www2.chem.umd.edu/nmr/reference/isotope_solvent.pdf

E. Chemical Education Journals
        J. Chem. Ed. - http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jceda8
                                       http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jceda8
        Education in Chemistry - http://www.rsc.org/eic/
                                              http://www.rsc.org/eic/e-magazine
        Chem13 News - https://uwaterloo.ca/chem13-news-magazine/

F. Chemistry Directory - https://organicchemistrydata.org/
       http://murov.info/webercises.htm

G. Organic Chemistry Directory - http://murov.info/orgchemres.htm

H. Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry - http://murov.info/Reaction-Map.htm
Exercise based on the above - http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm

I. Literature search -
http://www.researchgate.net/

J. Spectra

        1. IR - Liquid or Solution
            NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi
              NIST site - http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
            PSLC - http://pslc.uwsp.edu/
            Aldrich, Sigma - https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html
           Gasmet - https://www.gasmet.com/de/products/tools/spectrum-library/

       2. IR - Gas Phase
            NIST - http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
            Gasmet - https://www.gasmet.com/de/products/tools/spectrum-library/

       3.. HNMR - Experimental
            NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
               PSLC - http://pslc.uwsp.edu/
               Aldrich, Sigma - https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html

            Solvents - http://www2.chem.umd.edu/nmr/reference/isotope_solvent.pdf
            Deuterated solvents - http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/common_nmr_solvents.html
               bioorganics - http://mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/mmcdbrowse.html

       4. HNMR - Calculated
            ChemExper Chem Directory - http://www.chemexper.com/
            nmrdb - http://www.nmrdb.org/

       5. ¹³CNMR - Experimental
            NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
            PSLC - http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

       6. Mass
            NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
            PSLC - http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

            Pherobase - http://www.pherobase.com/database/compound/compounds-index.php
            human metabolites - http://www.hmdb.ca/

       7. UV-Vis
            NIST site - http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
            OMLC - http://omlc.org/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/alpha.html

       8. Bibliography - http://library.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl/guides/spectra.html

9. Polymer spectra - http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

10. Photophysical properties of organic compounds - http://murov.info/photophys.htm

11. Fee based KnowItAll spectral database - https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/knowitall-u/

K. Miscellaneous

        1. Acid Base Indicator properties
            https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/04/04/the-colours-chemistry-of-ph-indicators/
            https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator
            https://www.sciencecompany.com/ph_indicator_ranges.aspx
            https://www.thoughtco.com/edible-ph-indicators-color-chart-603655
            https://www.techknow.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=PH
            http://foundoutaboutchemistry.blogspot.com/2016/05/acid-base-indicator-charts.html

2. Electronegativities
     http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/36_eneg/electroneg.html
     http://www.knowledgedoor.com/
     https://periodictable.me/electronegativity-chart/

3. pKa values
     https://www2.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/pkatable/index.htm
     http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/acid_constants.html
     http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/base_constants.html
     http://www.zirchrom.com/organic.htm
     http://ccc.chem.pitt.edu/wipf/MechOMs/evans_pKa_table.pdf

4. Hammett constants
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/hammett_sigma_constants.html
http://old.iupac.org/publications/pac/1997/pdf/6912x2497.pdf

Virtual Textbooks of Organic Chemistry

https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/
https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm   https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1a.htm
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION
http://www.ochem.com
http://www.chemthes.com/rxn-type.php
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/orgpropsmenu.html
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry
http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/247/
organic lab book -  http://murov.info/orglab/orglab.htm

Other websites by this author are available at: http://murov.info/

Organic chemistry web sites by this author include:

Organic chemistry milestones: http://murov.info/organicmilestones.htm

Organic chemistry directory: http://murov.info/orgchemres.htm

Online organic laboratory text: http://murov.info/orglab/orglab.htm

Organic chemistry exercises (also included in organic laboratory text): http://murov.info/orglab/exercises.htm

For a larger image and the keys for the Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry, please visit: http://murov.info/Reaction-Map.htm . For exercise based on the reaction-map, please visit: http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm .

Jump to Chemistry Webercises Directory.

page view counter started 10/23/98, latest update 2/4/21, last site check 8/19/20

unique visitor counter stared 6/12/18